Bad Relationships, Solved: Why Smart People Stay Stuck

Drew, you're still sick. I know. Spoiler alert. We recorded the last episode two hours ago. That's right. But you're still sick. I think I continue to be sick. Why? I don't know. I never get sick either. This is weird. This is highly inconsiderate of our production schedule. I know. I don't appreciate your... I don't appreciate it either. You don't appreciate it. Well, I would appreciate it if you'd stop being sick by the end of this episode. I'll do my best. Yeah, get to work on that. This is our version of an abusive, toxic relationship. That you are unable to leave. Trapped. You are trapped. That is what we're talking about today, everybody. If you have ever watched somebody you care about and you love, stay in a relationship that is absolutely destroying them. This episode is for you. If you have been the person yourself who's been white knuckling. through what is actually just an absolutely terrible relationship staying in it for way longer than you should uh making bad decisions this episode is also for you i feel like this is something that everybody goes through at some point in their lives they stay in a bad relationship for too long um and it's there's a lot of different like i've definitely done it myself and i look back with a mixture of like regret shame embarrassment confusion like what was i thinking Prepping for this episode, it brought a lot of clarity. Ultimately, it's not about being dumb. It's not about being weak. It's not about being needy or desperate. We've identified seven psychological mechanisms that act against us, that keep us in bad romantic situations and make it feel reasonable and logical to stay when you're in that situation. Whether you're somebody who has gotten out of a horribly toxic relationship and wondered what the fuck you were thinking, or you are somebody who is currently in a bad relationship and struggling to make a decision to leave, this episode should shine a lot of light on whatever you're going through. Now, the crazy thing too is that the smarter you are or the more emotionally attuned you are to the people around you, in some cases, the more susceptible you are to falling into a bad relationship, getting trapped inside of it, and not knowing how to leave. So there's just a lot of misconceptions around who gets stuck in a bad relationship. There's a lot of misconceptions about why. And I think we're going to dispel all of those misconceptions today. So a few of the things that we're going to talk about today in this episode of Solved. One, why in bad relationships, it's the good moments that are in many cases actually more dangerous than the bad moments. The invisible process by which a controlling relationship doesn't just restrict what you do, but it quietly rewires how you see yourself, how you feel about yourself, how you see the world. Why the people most likely to end up in abusive relationships are... often the most empathetic how the traits that make you good at love are also the traits that make you most vulnerable to the toxic forms of love why resilience can often backfire you are able to tolerate more for a longer period of time we'll talk about the bystander effect which is in this case is applied to close friends and family members people who stand by and watch a slow moving train wreck happen in front of them without ever voicing an opinion or trying to stop it. And we'll talk about why just leave is potentially the most useless piece of advice for somebody stuck in a bad relationship. That and much, much more. My name is Mark Manson. I'm the three-time number one New York Times bestselling author. And this is Drew Burney, my co-host, producer, and better half of my codependent relationship. And this is Solved, the most comprehensive podcast on the planet where we take one burning life question, and we solve it for you once and for all. Now we're doing this episode a little bit different, Drew. I'm excited because we're experimenting with a little bit of a shakeup here. So for our listeners to give some context, what we did is Drew and I, we agreed on the episode topic. We agreed on the main point. We did some initial research and agreed on the main points that we were going to hit the seven psychological mechanisms that keep you stuck in a bad relationship. But from there, we split up the task completely. So what Drew did is he went with the research team and they dug into all sorts of research that I'm not aware of. I don't know what you guys dug up. I have not looked at it. So a lot of it's going to be news to me. And then on my side, I went and found a case study of two very prominent people who were stuck in a famously horrible relationship. And we're going to use them as the example as we work through. these seven concepts and these seven mechanisms. And Drew does not know who these people are. He does not know the story. Are you ready for the reveal? Yes, I'm ready for the big reveal. I've been waiting all these weeks. Fun fact, nobody on the team knows. I know. You kept a tight lip. I kept a tight lip. So our story today begins with a young man named Johnny Depp. Oh, okay. Oh, I didn't even think of that one. Okay. Born in Kentucky over 60 years ago today. So Johnny was born in Kentucky to working class parents, and he moved around a lot as a kid. According to him, he moved over 30 times by the time he reached high school age. So that's like twice a year for your entire childhood. And I think that's really interesting because it kind of explains, you know. why you would become good at acting or maybe have a natural talent for acting. Johnny was obsessed with music as a child. He wanted to be a rock star. He learned to play guitar. He joined a band. He actually toured with that band around. He ended up in Florida. He toured with that band around Florida in the southern US and then eventually moved out to Los Angeles to try to make a career in music. Now, the interesting thing about Johnny that's relevant for this story is that his mom was extremely abusive. and violent she used to throw things at him she would scream yell uh just verbally abuse and berate johnny and his siblings and then she would throw things at him throw ashtrays telephones uh break furniture um and just beat the out of him and he would later say that his mother could be both the sweetest and warmest person in his life and the most doting with love But she could also be the scariest and most violent and most harmful person in his life. This is going to come back. You want to guess who discovered Johnny Depp? You'll never guess. It's crazy. I have no idea. I had no idea until last night. Nicholas Cage discovered. Nick Cage did, really? Nick Cage discovered Johnny Depp. And the reason was, so Johnny was trying to make it as a musician in the mid 80s. He was dating a makeup artist who worked on Hollywood films and Hollywood sets. And the makeup artist was good friends with Nick Cage. And so Nick started hanging out with Johnny and after hanging out with him a few times was like, dude, you'd be a great actor. You should audition for something. And so he introduced him to his agent and then went to his first audition and immediately landed a role on Nightmare on Elm Street. The Freddy Krueger movie. And so that was his big break. And so it's kind of funny. He was never trained as an actor, never took theater, never practiced, never like. went through the whole grind of Los Angeles, just got a part. And from there, got a TV part on 21 Jump Street, became a teen heartthrob, was on the cover of all sorts of teen magazines and stuff in the late 80s, became a huge celebrity, and he absolutely hated it. And so by the 90s, he had decided, I'm only going to take roles that are- kind of artsy and weird and um he johnny always had a desire to kind of subvert expectations of the audience um and so he he started taking he started turning down very prominent you know kind of big typical hollywood star roles and he started taking a bunch of kind of weird offbeat uh roles instead landed in edward scissorhand in the early 90s that kind of established him as that type of actor um and then he went on to have a extremely successful career throughout the rest of the 90s get to the 2000s disney was creating a concept called pirates of the caribbean and they wanted a unique character for the the main role captain jack sparrow they wanted somebody who was uh both mesmerizing but a little bit offbeat a little bit like you know not your typical disney role or disney character it was the first kind of big mainstream role that johnny auditioned for and like really wanted. And people in Disney were very torn over it. Even like after they filmed the movie, they were still unsure if they were actually gonna use him. A lot of Disney executives were like, what are we doing? This guy's a nut job. In fact, there's a funny anecdote where some of the people from Disney actually asked Johnny on set, like, hey man, what's the deal with this character? Like, is he... Is he drunk? Is he mentally ill? Does he have brain damage? And Johnny just looked at him and said, yes. I remember thinking the same thing when those movies came out. I'm like, what is with this? This is a wild character. Such an incredible character. Oh, yeah. Such an incredible character. But something interesting happened. So, obviously, Pirates of the Caribbean is a massive hit. Massive, massive hit. There were four movies, and I forget the exact number, but combined across the four movies, they grossed well into the billions. And Johnny, at the time, had a piece of that. So it was pretty standard back then that if you were an A-list actor like he was, you would get what was called the 20-20 deal, which is that you would get 20 million up front, and then you would get 20% of the gross. So Johnny became extremely rich, extremely rich. hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars over a short period of time. On top of that, Captain Jack Sparrow became so popular and so synonymous with him that what happened was what happens to a lot of actors who experienced maybe a little bit too much success with the role is that he couldn't shake the character. From then on, everywhere he went, he was Captain Jack Sparrow. All of his little offbeat quirks and funny lines and awkward things that he would say, they're like, oh, he's doing Captain Jack Sparrow. Not realizing that, like, no, that's who he is. He tried to branch out into other roles and start doing other movies, but it just, nothing ever seemed to land. The audience now had a different relationship with him. And so he ended up in this place where he felt kind of trapped by the success. On the personal life side, he had a long-term partner, he had kids. That relationship was going south. He was starting to drink a lot. He was doing drugs again. He was kind of spending a lot of money. He bought an island in the Bahamas. I think he bought, I think it was 17 properties in like eight different countries or something. He bought a wine cellar with like 10,000 bottles of wine. There's a building here in downtown LA where he bought all three penthouses. even though he's just one person. So he just kind of went on this spending spree. And at one point, I believe at the peak, his monthly expenses were $2 million just to cover the property taxes, landscapers, housekeepers, everything on all of his properties. So he was burning through an insane amount of cash. So you've got this weird dichotomy where he's on the one hand at the peak of his success, the peak of his fame, but he's feeling trapped and stifled creatively, professionally. On the other hand, his personal life is completely spiraling out of control. They never got married, but the mother of his kids, they're growing apart. She doesn't really want to see him anymore. He's spending all this money. He's drunk all the time. He's kind of becoming a fuck up. And then that's when he meets Amber. Amber Heard, funny enough, grew up where I grew up. I didn't know that either. She and I actually had a few mutual friends in high school. Oh, I didn't know that. I never met her. But I believe she went to St. Michael's. I went to St. Andrew's. It's funny, actually, one of my childhood friends did know her in high school. And I asked him a number of years ago what she was like in high school. And his answer was, Smoking hot. But Amber Heard grew up outside of Austin like I did. And Austin in the 80s and 90s was a very different town. It was extremely conservative. It was the Bible Belt. Everything was about Jesus and football. I've talked about this before. And very much like me, she fucking hated it and could not wait to get out. By all accounts, she grew up with an abusive father. used to beat the shit out of her mom, drug problems, alcohol problems, in and out of jail, legal problems, the whole gamut. So she dropped out of high school at 17, moved to New York, became a model, moved to LA, started her acting career. And like a lot of beautiful faces in LA was kind of like climbing up the ladder, starting with like music videos and little. side roles in small TV shows and then maybe starring an indie horror movie and then kind of working her way up to more prominent feature films, but still is like a supporting actress or like kind of a minor role. I think she was in Pineapple Express. She was in Friday Night Lights. So she's like making a living, but she's by no means like famous. And then she lands on the set of The Rum Diaries, acting opposite of Johnny, and that's when she met him. This episode is brought to you by Factor. You know what's funny about an episode on bad relationships? Nobody ever talks about the one you have with food because it's the same pattern. You know what you should be doing. You know what's good for you. And then it's 7 p.m. and you're exhausted and you're standing in front of a fridge and you're like, you know, I guess cheese counts as dinner. That was me for years. Eating healthy was never a knowledge problem, it was more of a setup problem. I knew what I should be eating, I just didn't have the energy to make it happen at the end of a long day. But Factor is one of the things that fixed that for me. So everything shows up fresh, it's never frozen, it's ready in two minutes. 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And use the code solve202650off to get 50% off and free daily greens per box with a new subscription only while supplies last until September 27th, 2026. See the website for more details. So the first psychological mechanism that I want to get into. with both of their backstories is the concept of normalization which is that we all come to our romantic relationships with a map and understanding of what romantic relationships are supposed to look like there's a great book that we bring up sometimes by harville hendrix called getting the love you want and he talks about this throughout that book that basically the one of the primary roles that your parents play in your life is that their relationship becomes the standard by which you judge all of your future partners. So it's like whatever mom and dad did with each other and whatever mom and dad did with you, that is quote unquote normal. And that is expected. And that is like your definition of love. And so here we have two people who come from abusive households. In Johnny's case, he is an extremely violent mother who physically abuses him. In Amber's case, she is an alcoholic drug addicted father. who's also abusive. This is just their understanding of what relationships are. It's the water they swim in. The things that would maybe strike you and I as a red flag doesn't strike them as a red flag. I think all of us who struggle deeply in our relationships, we have to deal with this at some point. There's always a moment where we're like, oh, this thing that I always thought was normal is actually kind of fucked up. and i have to come to terms with that and maybe change my programming a little bit like change my definition of like what is intimacy or what's okay um otherwise things are going to get very destructive or unhealthy in the research they call this your schema right that's what gets normalized is you have this schema this this this program running in your head i guess and it is based on those early experiences and there's really It's not just the family, though, too. Right. There's the actual there's other layers to it as well. The family is kind of the personal layer to it. But then there's also your social circles. So the people around you, too. And then the wider culture as well. You know, so like we talk all the time about like Latin American culture is what jealousy is seen as like passion. Right. Right. So you don't have quite the vocabulary there as as something being like if someone is very jealous or controlling in that culture, it might be very. that might be seen as almost a good thing, right? And so the scheme has actually developed throughout that whole layered system. So it's not just the family, but the family is one of the most powerful, I would say, yeah. Yeah, I think the culture point is really important, especially in the context of Johnny Depp and Amber. There's a Hollywood culture ecosystem that they exist within, right? So Johnny is the troubled genius. He's the rock star actor, right? He was... hunter s thompson and the fear and loathing in las vegas right he's like famous for these kinds of roles he's famous for being a little bit unstable he's famous for being just offbeat and kind of wild and crazy and so there's a there's a little bit of an enabling that goes on right so it's when he's drunk for three he goes on a three-day bender and blows uh two million dollars um on wine like people kind of shrug and they're like well that's just johnny being johnny right and i think in amber's case she also exists within this ecosystem at the time where you know beautiful young women are taken for granted not treated well not respected um put up with a lot of and you're just kind of expected to suck it up and deal with it and all of this is playing out on that backdrop of expectations of like what's normal and what's not i'm curious if you've like run into anything in your relationships that like something was very normal for you and then it took a relationship or two for you to be like, oh wait, no, that's kind of fucked up. I should stop doing that. Yeah, of course it does. It does for all of us. I mean, not necessarily as explosive as that necessarily, I would say, but even things like avoidance, right? That gets normalized. I think that was, you and I probably actually share a lot of that. Like when I was growing up, avoidance was kind of like the baseline right you just don't talk about it don't talk about it don't rock the boat like and and put on the face that everything is okay yeah i think that's a very very common one too probably more common than the like explosive stuff well i don't know maybe maybe not but i know for me anyway just not addressing problems like that was the baseline yeah and because if you if you admitted to the problem or if you're addressing the problem you're admitting defeat basically right like oh something's not right so just don't even bring it up and if it doesn't come up then it's not a problem yeah so i think that was one of the first ones i found anyway um i didn't realize that you could have a healthy disagreement with somebody that you loved you know yeah that wasn't that was weird to me that was very strange to me i experienced the same thing and it's funny because in my early relationships i used to experience like i used to catastrophize so if oh yes my partner would get upset with me or we'd have a fight i still do that yeah my brain would immediately go to it's over yeah we're breaking up this is it like i still do that she's mad i didn't take out the trash i'm i'm gonna be single forever like that that's immediately where my brain would go and uh and it took me a long time to realize just how irrational that was right speaking to the culture thing the normalization thing, I think it's a relationship can become healing if the two normalizations kind of balance each other out, right? So like, for instance, I have the same thing. It's just like, pretend there's nothing wrong, sweep it under the rug, it's gonna be fine, ignore it. My wife comes from a world where everything's a fucking problem. And you like, you get in people's face about it. There's too much drama and too much conflict and people are too confrontational. They're stirring up problems where there are none just because that's how they understand intimacy and that you care and love for each other. It's interesting because I think she and I balance each other out really nicely. I think she has learned to pick and choose her battles and really stop and think, is this worth it? Nah, let it go. But on the other hand, if there is something that needs to be addressed, she's very able to address it. She's very able to bring it up to me and be like, hey, we should talk about this. Whereas I struggled to do that. And on the flip side, if I see her kind of freaking out about something that doesn't matter, I'm very good at being like, hey, chill out. This doesn't really matter. Let's go for a walk. This isn't a big deal. I think it's healthy if those two predispositions are kind of balancing each other out. where things get really ugly is if you get two people who have either complimentary or the same issue because then it starts reinforcing each other right so and we'll see this in the case of johnny and amber like in their minds it's this is just par for the course um it's like yes addiction problems drunk benders violence breaking furniture throwing things at each other like to both of them this is normal and so when it keeps when it as it escalates none of it like doesn't really occur to either of them to like slam on the brakes or like pull the rip cord the other really dangerous thing about this is that if you grow up around up chaos up chaos starts to feel like home i think the danger of this normalization like what it actually the way it actually plays out is that even though it's really toxic and unhealthy It's known. It's the old saying, you prefer the devil you know than the devil you don't. So it's like, okay, I'd rather tolerate something known but uncomfortable than to push into the unknown and explore a relationship that I've never experienced before. Yeah. Related to that too is when things get normalized, you kind of think that you're the exception almost. You kind of think that... oh okay yes i see this person i see what they do to everyone around them but i know this this is normal to me and i can handle this i can handle this i it's it's not something that's not going to kill me so it's going to make me stronger type of thing i can do this i survive this once before i'll survive it again and i can fix it right and everybody else around me maybe they can't handle it but i can because this is normal to me yeah yeah so yeah that's a that's a very insidious subtle trap you get yeah which is the resilience thing right it's like yeah it's uh Being resilient is good unless you're tolerating something you shouldn't be tolerating. Right, right. I think one interesting thing we found too about schema formation, so these ideas, this normalization kind of machine you have in your brain, a counterintuitive finding is that emotional neglect is actually more powerful for schema formation than say like physical abuse or all the screaming and yelling and throwing things you're talking about. It's actually the emotional neglect. that comes from a bad relationship, especially when you're growing up and you're young, that actually has a more powerful effect on the way you approach relationships than any sort of physical abuse. It's kind of strange. Kids can tolerate that a little bit more, apparently, or they can at least navigate it better, but emotional neglect is actually one thing that just seems like we can't come back from, which is, I don't know. cruel yeah if you think about it yeah um but yeah it's something that's been found in the relationship literature anyways that uh emotional and neglect is actually one of the most powerful drivers of the schema that you end up creating in your own mind going forward i think the the the bond a child has with their parents it's evolutionarily is driven for survival right like it's it's mother nature needs the parents to take care of the child and so it kind of programs the child to like mold themselves to whatever the parents whatever is going to get them attention and affection from the parents even if it's really harmful and damaging because then at least it's attention at least they're paying attention they're around um whereas if the parents are are just like checked out and gone um then then the child's even more vulnerable right yeah yeah i think that's what it is yeah all right moving on um so johnny and amber meet on the set of rum diaries in 2009 Apparently there's intense chemistry, but nothing happens. Amber at the time is in a relationship with a woman. I did not know this, but apparently she was the first prominent actress to ever publicly come out as bisexual. Okay. And was celebrated for it at the time and was in a long-term relationship with a woman. And at the time, this was mid-2000s, it was seen as a career risk, especially for somebody who's not like A-list. And it could have potentially affected her career negatively. Jump ahead to 2011. The Rum Diaries, which was filmed in 2009, is about to be released. And Johnny and Amber are about to do a press tour, which you do for a film. So you travel around the world together. You go to premieres. You do a bunch of interviews. film festivals q a's all sorts of stuff so you're spending a lot of time together and at this point johnny's i'm going to call it marriage even though they legally weren't married johnny's marriage is basically over his wife has moved to france with the kids amber's relationship is also ending um and so she's in a really a state of flux struggling to know who she is and this brings us to our second concept which um i'll call the identity trap basically Our intimate relationships form a large percentage of our identity. They dictate largely how we view ourselves, how we feel about ourselves. Anybody who's dated somebody for a long period of time, you notice that your interests start to converge, your habits start to converge, your preferences start to converge over time. That's not an accident. It's because a lot of your ego and self-identification is based on your partner. if you have a healthy relationship with that partner, that's actually an extremely healthy thing. I don't want people to lose sight of this. That merging of identities to a certain extent is potentially healthy. That's where the healing of a relationship takes place. Let's say you have some shame or trauma in your background that you've never completely dealt with. By integrating with your partner and uh experiencing that loving acceptance from them like that can heal that part of yourself and that relationship with yourself in a way that you you wouldn't necessarily be able to do on your own the identification with the romantic relationship is ultimately a good thing uh in a vacuum but the downside is that once you exit a significant romantic relationship There's an identity vacuum. There's this feeling of like, I don't know who I am anymore. I don't remember what I like on my own. I don't remember what I do on my Saturday mornings on my own. I don't know how lovable I am. I don't know why people like me. I don't know who I'm gonna spend time with, right? So there's all these unanswered questions of who you are, what you're gonna do, how you're gonna spend your time. And that's like a very... There's a bit of an existential crisis that takes place in that moment because you have to go through a process of figuring out who you are again and trying to understand. Now, people who are extremely codependent, and by codependent, I mean they derive all of their self-worth from their partner, they suffer really intensely when they come out of a romantic relationship because their supply of self-esteem has just been like... yanked away from them. And so those are the people that you see just kind of go from monogamous relationship to monogamous relationship. They can't seem to emotionally sustain themselves while being single. Johnny Depp was definitely one of those people. On top of all of his other issues, he's professionally stagnant. He's been typecast into this character that he can't seem to get away from. And similarly on her side, she's still climbing that career ladder still trying to make a name for herself and up to this point the thing that she's best known for is being that hollywood actress with a girlfriend but that girlfriend's gone now right so who is she like why is anybody gonna pay attention to her why is anybody gonna be interested in her why why is anybody gonna give her a role in a film and so he fills a void right now she gets to be johnny depp's girlfriend right it's like now she's she gets to be a part of his world and it's this huge like it opens all of these doors not just professionally but emotionally and like psychologically for her so this is the identity trap when you enter a relationship not because you have a strong identity and your partner has a strong identity and you're genuinely very attracted to each other's identities but you enter a relationship to fill a gap or a void inside of who you are you're using that person to like build an identity for yourself this creates a very unstable foundation to build off of and what's very paradoxical about this is that it's these i it's the identity trap that you see this like intense romantic chemistry very very quickly like the people just become like they latch onto each other and they're like oh my god where have you been my whole life thank god you're here i'm safe again right And this is exactly what you see with Johnny and Amber. It's just like fucking zero to 60 within a month. She's like moved in with him. She's like traveling the world with him. She's going to set with him. Like she's everything. She's there every day. She's involved with everything. It's like very, very, very intense. This episode is brought to you by Wealthfront. One of the things that keeps coming up in this episode is that people do not stay in bad situations because they want to. They stay because change is work. And fine for now feels much easier than facing whatever's going on. And this doesn't just apply to your relationships. Your money is probably one of those areas too. You know you should be doing something smarter with your savings, but you don't have the time or energy to figure out what. So you leave it in some big bank account earning basically nothing and try not to think about it. The way out of that is Wealthfront. Their cash account earns 3.3% annual percentage yield or APY on your uninvested cash from program banks. 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For more information, please see the episode description. What happens is you come into a relationship, you feel like two individuals, right? You enjoy each other's company. You start figuring, learning about each other, figuring things out about each other. Over time, that develops kind of into like a we. You have this language around what we like to do or what we do or who we are. There's one way you're talking about it where it's like you just skip that altogether and you just fuse right away. And that's usually fireworks, what you see right away, and not in a good way. Yeah, both good and bad. The more normal healthy way though is, yeah, you do have this kind of gradual, they call it self-concept, your self-concept of the relationship kind of. i don't know if i would say merges but you develop a self-concept um that includes the other person in your in the relationship right right um and you have that language around like we and us uh where it starts to get toxic or um maladaptive is when you start to think of like what is the other person How would they think about this and how should I think about this because of what they think? Your identity takes a backseat to whatever the other person's preferences are. It can even be weaponized by one of the people too. Your social circle kind of goes out the window. It's just you two. It's us against the world. That's when your identities themselves start to merge. Not that the separate kind of ... a healthy, normal thing has been created, greater than the sum of its parts, if you will, right? Yeah. But it's that over-identification with the other person and what the other person wants where your needs and identity even to just take a back seat. I think one way to think about it, so back in the purpose episode, we discussed diversifying your identity, like finding purpose and meaning from multiple different places. i think in the ego episode we also talked about having like a diversity of things that you identify with a diversity of ways that you see yourself i think the danger here is and this is i hear you're getting at and you're describing is like you think of like two people's identities as like a venn diagram right like i think a healthy relationship is there's a significant percentage of overlap between the two circles but it's definitely not completely over right right yeah and a toxic codependent relationship is when the two circles are like almost 100 overlap like both people are are literally emotionally incapable of functioning without each other unable to make decisions without each other unable to like think or do anything without each other's approval right like it's a very dark toxic place to be and and that's where a lot of abuses abusive relationships begin which we'll get into why in a minute. Another unhealthy version of this is just when the Venn diagrams are completely separate and there's no overlap. That's the people who are married for 20 years, but feel like roommates. That's the people who haven't really talked to each other in six months, even though they've got three kids together. So you want some of that overlap, but you don't want all of that overlap. Yeah, and I think, too, one of the things in this story in particular, too, is that I don't think there was a whole lot of... You've mentioned this already. There wasn't a whole lot of clarity for either of these two of who they were even necessarily, right? They mixed a lot of their professional and personal identities together, and so it wasn't very clear to either of them who they were. And that's actually in the research that comes up where you have a lower self-concept clarity, what they call it. yes i know who i am and i'm very clear about that they didn't they like and i think that happens in a lot of creative spaces too your work and your personal life get all mixed in together you it's very hard to know who you are absolutely i mean it's it's i think on her side right it's like she started getting all of these acting opportunities all these stores started opening things started getting financed that she wanted to do because she's johnny depp's girlfriend we'll kind of get to the public side of this later okay i think there's some interesting commentary we can make on that towards the end of this episode. I want to save commentary on the legal case and kind of how the cultural moment of Johnny and Amber until after we've kind of gone through the relationship itself. So even if you give her credit and you assume she's not this evil conniving bitch who's using him and leveraging him, it's just being a human being with incentives, right? It's like... If dating this guy fucking 10Xs your career overnight, it's really hard, really hard to bring yourself to question that relationship. It's that famous Upton Sinclair saying of it's impossible to convince a man that he's wrong if his paycheck depends on it. That's how human beings function. It's not evil, it's just the way our minds work. It's a psychological mechanism that we all have inside of us. I think on his side, He's probably deep. I mean, it sounds like he's deep in a midlife crisis, right? Like his career has peaked. He knows it. He's getting old. At this point, he's in his 50s. His family's left. You know, he's in a funk. He like doesn't know what to look forward to. He doesn't know, you know, what to be excited about, right? And then he's got this young, beautiful girl who's like madly in love with him. And it's something, right? It's something that kind of like put himself into. It's interesting. So one of the fascinating things about this story is that two things are very unique about this story, aside from them just being famous. We have three court cases worth of depositions and evidence that's been introduced into the public record. So that is interesting on the one hand. And we have hundreds of witnesses, bellboys, assistants. drivers yeah drivers doormen like so many people were around when all this stuff happened and have gone on the record to like describe the the certain events um the other thing that's really unique and this i in a sick way i found this amusing is that the relationship became so volatile so quickly that both of them and both of them were very aware of how prominent they were and how this could go south so both of them began secretly recording conversations without the other knowing, which to me, there's just like a divine comedy in that, that they're both secretly running tape recorders while they're fighting, knowing that like one day they might be in court and have to like use it against the other one. So tons of these fights that they had are actually recorded and are, again, in the public record. I mean, I will say in terms of like the identity stuff goes though, Even if you're not Johnny Depp or Amber Heard, the more your identity gets entwined with that relationship, the harder and harder it is to leave, let alone just see what's even going on, right? Because again, it's not just that, oh, I have the shared kind of self-concept with this person that we have this life together over here, and then I'm over here. It's not that at all. It's like, this is who I am. I'm all wrapped up in it. Who am I without it? Just like they were in their previous relationships as well. That's why from the outside looking in, you look at somebody and they're like, why don't you just leave? Well, this is one of the reasons is like because your identity is wrapped up in this. They're literally your whole world. Yeah. Like you can't imagine life without them. The other aspect of this, like I think it's worth explaining the reason why these relationships become so volatile is because if your entire identity is based on another person. and then that person comes home drunk and says something mean to you, that feels catastrophic. This person is 100% the source of your self-worth, and they're coming home and denying you validation and respect. It just feels so awful, whereas again, somebody with maybe a healthy identity, a healthy ego, and a healthy balance in their life. What would you say if your girlfriend came home and said drunk and said something mean to you? If my wife did that, I'd be like, go the fuck to bed. Don't talk to me like that, and we'll talk about this when you're sober. Yeah. It's like, don't talk to me like that, and you should go to bed. Then that would be the end of it. Then the next morning, she'd probably wake up and apologize, and then life would move on. Whereas if your identity is all wrapped up in that, you're like, how can I ... get this fixed how can they fix this yeah it's absolutely intolerable yeah yeah so that volatility the that roller coaster ride of high highs and low lows this leads us into the third psychological mechanism that keeps people trapped in abusive relationships or bad relationships now in the psychological literature this is known as variable ratio reinforcement but uh We're just going to call it the slot machine effect, which is basically if you go back to behaviorism in the 1950s with BF Skinner and the tests that he ran on rats, what they found is that if you provide unpredictable rewards for behavior, people are much more likely to get addicted to that behavior. And so this is why gambling is so addictive is because you go to the slot machine and you have no idea what's going to happen each time you pull it. But sometimes something great happens. sometimes something bad happens but you want to keep pulling it and if something great happens you want to pull it again because something great might happen again and then if something bad happens you're like well i should pull it again until something great happens and so you what you see around addictions is that it's a lot of it is very much based in this variable ratio reinforcement of like not not knowing when the reward is coming like the reward does come sometimes but it doesn't always come and it's not clear you can't really predict when it comes or not and so what you see is that people literally get addicted to the relationship and i've often in previous episodes i've often described toxic relationships as an addiction like people behave the same way addicts behave they justify. They rationalize the same way addicts rationalize. They lie and cover their tracks the same way addicts lie and cover their tracks. They become delusional the same way addicts become delusional. Anything to get their next fix, which is in their case, the relationship. And sadly, the more volatile the relationship, the more this addiction mechanism kicks in. Because anytime it's bad, you wonder like, well, maybe today will be good. Maybe this next trip will reconnect and things will be better. He's so great when he's sober. If I can just get him to cut back on the drinking, things are going to be great. There's that little shred of hope. There's always, yes. And again, it's like the gambler at the blackjack table is like, you know, one more hand, one more hand, one more hand. They've even shown too, like with people who are addicted to gambling, if you... let them win every single time they get bored and they leave. It's insane. I know it's very counterintuitive, but it's not like the bad moments that you get trapped in. Like people from the outside looking like, this is awful. Why don't you leave? And it's like, because there is that little shred of hope. Because when it's good, it's so good. The good thing, like you have all this dopamine building up, right? In anticipation. And then once it finally does hit, it's so good. And even compared to those bad moments, it's so good. It's exactly why you get trapped inside of that. Yeah. And interestingly, you know, there's reams and reams of text messages from both sides, Johnny and Amber, and you see this pattern play out across both sides. There's this cycle of, you know, there's a blow up and then there's a reconciliation and then there's like, oh, I'm so sorry. Like, let's make it good again. Let's be good to each other. And then things are amazing and they're madly in love and there's all this like sweet lovey-dovey stuff going on. and then one of them gets triggered and then it escalates and then there's a blow up and it there's an escalation to it and i think what people need to understand is that escalation is necessary right because that's what keeps both sides feeling loved it keeps that sliver of hope like the bigger the problem you surmount the bigger the high on the other side coming back together but the bigger the high on the other side of coming back together the more upsetting the next blow up is and the more furious and frustrated and hurt and angry each person gets which then makes the makeup that much more intense which makes the next high that much more intense and so you get this just like this escalation that keeps happening to keep both people justifying staying in the relationship Oh, so that's just people that do this too. It's a fascinating study I found. Actually, rats do this as well. Really? Yeah. So if you expose them to these variable reward schedules, like you put them in the Skinner box and give them a treat just randomly every time they press a lever five times, 10 times, whatever it is, random, right? They actually, if you do this long enough, because you do this over a period of weeks or so, these rats will actually become more risk-taking. They'll seek out risk more. Yeah, so they'll put them in an open field or something like that. For a rat, an open area with bright lights is dangerous. They usually don't want to go out in the middle of that open field like that. But they'll do it more often if you expose them to more variable rewards. Interesting. So it's like a fundamental mammalian thing for some reason. That if we're exposed to these uncertain environments, then we have to ratchet up that risk-taking. And this happens in relationships as well. So it's pretty wild. Interesting. This episode is brought to you by Ultra Pouches. Every day after lunch, the team and I do the same walk. The walk of shame. No, it's called the walk of caffeine. We stop at a convenience store and we stop at a coffee shop. Why? Because my team is a bunch of addicts. Like me, they are absolutely addicted to caffeine and we need it every single shoot day all through the afternoon, morning and evening. Basically what I'm saying is that we are a team of caffeine fiends. And so anytime a sponsor comes by and is like, hey, we can enable your habit. I'm in. And that brings me to Ultra Pouches because it is a healthier alternative to our crippling addiction to energy. It is caffeine free, nicotine free, designed by neuroscience with neurotropic and adaptogenic ingredients. And they actually work. You just pop one of these pouches into your mouth and you get one to two hour. Sorry, I can't talk with a patch in my mouth. You get one to two hours of smooth focus without a crash. Now, we keep all these on our desks in the office. So when that post lunch slump hits, we pop one in and we get right back to work. The Blue Raz flavor is moderately delicious. I prefer the tropical myself because, you know, I was a Sour Patch Kid. Now, Ultra. is ultimately guilt-free because it delivers instant focus and mental clarity without the addictive qualities of nicotine and caffeine so new customers can use the code solve to get 15 off at take ultra.com that's take ultra.com for 15 off with the code solved after you purchase they'll ask where you heard about them so please support the show and tell them that papa mark sent you so i think the volatility with johnny and amber started relatively quickly according to a lot of people who worked with them or were around them a lot assistance employees the fight started kicking in within a couple months and they just slowly escalated from there it was interesting um a lot of johnny's friends described him during this period as happier than than they had ever seen him before but also distant disconnected and aloof which i think is very indicative of this sort of relationship right like it is Again, like an addict, when they're in the throes of their addiction, they're happy. They're going to tell you everything's great. Met this new girl. She's incredible. We're flying around the world together. We're doing all these amazing things together. We're working on all these amazing projects together. But meanwhile, they've lost interest in other things. They're losing interest in hobbies. They're losing touch with friends. They're disconnecting from family members. and it's again like an addiction it's it it prunes your outside life away from you and not again not in like an evil conniving manipulative way sure it's it's purely because the more invested you get into the relationship the more of your self-worth you're deriving from the relationship the more you're writing the volatile the emotional volatility and the the slot machine effect the more boring and unimportant other things are gonna seem to you, right? So it's like, well, why should I reach out to my music buddies? Or why should I bother flying home to see my mom? I got too much going on right now with her, and we're in a good spot, I don't wanna mess anything up. And so you just kind of end up isolating yourself with the partner, which then just feeds back into the dynamic even further. So it's probably worth describing the volatility. Johnny's substance abuse just got more intense, more extreme. His binges got longer and longer. He would lock himself in rooms for days at a time. He would disappear for days at a time. Nobody knew where he went. He'd come back completely fucked up, barely conscious, incoherent. Her volatility was much more around emotion and anger. so initially i think the violence started on his side but it wasn't directed at her it's he would break things so he would like destroy an entire hotel room he would break a bunch of furniture he would throw stuff through a wall um he would just kind of make a mess of everything but obviously it was like very scary and very intense um there's no like from what i found and don't come at me in the comments but like from what i found there's no direct evidence that he hit her Obviously, she says that he did. There's a whole defamation suit. We'll get into that in a minute. But it does seem that his violent outbursts seem to be more like substance fueled and more directed towards the kitchen cabinet than a human being. Whereas her violence seemed to definitely be directed towards him. At some point, she started violently. lashing out at him, hitting him, throwing things at him. And this is on recording. It's on the public record. So it's, that's not a controversial statement to say that. But again, plays back into the normalization, right? So it's like, now she's tolerating this drunk, drug addict, fucking weirdo, like her dad. And he's, the woman he loves most in the world is like throwing shit at him when she's mad. So that feels like home. So this slot machine escalation of the relationship takes us up to early 2015. Johnny and Amber are married in February and in March they're in Australia and Johnny is hospitalized because Amber threw a vodka bottle at her and it shattered on his hand and cut off the tip of his finger. Like most people in an abusive relationship, he went to the hospital and tried to explain to the nurses some bullshit story. that he tripped and fell and it was an accident and all this stuff, but things were pretty ugly by that point. And it was only about three years. But then you ask yourself, okay, as this volatility escalates, as the fights get worse and the makeup gets better, how do people rationalize this? How do people justify what's going on? And this we get into the fourth psychological mechanism that keeps us trapped in bad relationships, which is cognitive dissonance. And we've talked about cognitive dissonance multiple times on the show before. I forget which episode, but we've gone pretty deep into it in the past. But for new listeners, cognitive dissonance is basically when you believe something's true and you're faced with a contradictory reality. Generally speaking, people do not change their beliefs. They just... warp their perception of reality to fit the prior belief and so i think in the case of a of a toxic relationship probably the most common belief that everything gets wrapped into is that i can fix this i can change things i can change him or i can change her and you see this in their text messages around this time she's often texting her sister and her mom saying This is quicksand. It's like the more you say it, the further you sink, the worse things get. The really dark thing about these rationalizations, these justifications, is that each time you rationalize bad behavior, you lower the bar. You normalize it, right? So it's like the first time she throws a vodka bottle at you, maybe you're extremely upset. But then the third time she throws the vodka bottle, it's like oh this is just another fight and so that normalization starts to expand and the bar of your expectations continues to lower and again this feeds back into that escalation of the volatility until you eventually reach a point like all cognitive dissonance you reach a point where you're just kind of detached from reality like you've lost track you've just completely lost the plot and you can't you you're no longer a reliable source of like what is okay and what's not and i think this is this is the point that like friends and family and loved ones kind of look on with a little bit of shock and concern of like well no dude like throwing a vodka bottle i used not okay like you shouldn't be okay with that it's hard it's hard because it's it's like once you're in that world and this is normal to you, like it's hard to see outside of the bubble. Right. And there's that. So it's the cognitive dissonance kind of coupled with the rationalization is the mechanism here, right? Which is, you know, the cognitive dissonance is that like I love this person and yet all these terrible things are happening. How do I resolve that? And you start rationalizing like that. And like you said, they kind of escalate. Yeah. And this is definitely what they find. Like first you see, you know, maybe somebody's like, oh, they're brilliant. But and brilliant people are difficult. You know, like. amazing people are just hard to like johnny depp right he's he's a brilliant actor yeah of course he's going to be difficult and he's quirky and he's weird and yes this is what i signed up for right yeah those just escalate and escalate until even somebody from the outside at some point when they do come in it's usually way too late right it's usually at the point where this person has has been rationalizing this behavior for so long that anything you throw at them, they're going to already have an excuse for it. So that's why I think a lot of people are like, you know, I brought this up to them. I brought it to them. I pointed it out to them. I don't know what else I could have done. Well, you were too late at that point, typically, because there's this kind of like slow progression and you just, that cognitive dissonance, you get really, really good at resolving it with rationalization. It's almost like... kind of brainwashing yourself. Both people brainwash themselves into believing that the relationship's okay and normal. I'll give you a couple text message examples. There's an example of Johnny texting one of his friends justifying her behavior, saying, she's so passionate. That's what I love most about her. Similarly, she texted her mom at one point. She said, no, his drinking is the problem, not him. Right, right. Talk about rationalization. Yeah, right? Yeah. It's interesting. I don't know if you've ever ridden this escalation roller coaster in a toxic relationship before. I did in my first relationship. Okay. And I have a pretty vivid memory of this dynamic, of this kind of slow brainwashing that happened. So my first girlfriend and I, both young, stupid, damaged. inexperienced like it it was a bad situation and we were both bad to each other in different ways um but we both justified it and and you know found reasons to stay together and so we kind of ended up on this like escalating roller coaster that that happens with toxic relationships and my memory was you know we were doing the last year of our relationship we were doing long distance and and we would just have these like horrible fights and um and just like hold all these awful things against each other and say all these terrible things to each other and and then we would make up and we would see each other again and it was just like bliss it was absolute heaven for like three days and and then we'd have a huge fight and then things would go to and you know we'd break up with each other or one of us would cheat on the other and like so on and so forth but it's funny because like when i think about my mental state at the time like The thing, I had this unwavering belief that we were meant to be together. And like, this was like, it didn't matter how, like, and part of that was because we had already been through so much. I was like, we've been through so much already, like nothing's going to pry us apart. If we were going to break up, it would have happened years ago. Like we've survived so much turmoil. So clearly we're going to go all the way. So this is just another obstacle. This is just another thing to get through. and then once we would get through it it would just reaffirm that myth of like see i knew we're supposed to be together see we just got through another thing and it like it kind of becomes this again it comes back to the resilience right like it it starts working against you like the fact that you are you are able to just eat such a so many sandwiches starts to become the problem. When I look back at my 21-year-old self, I'm like, dude, fucking stand up for yourself. Just draw a line in the sand and end it. But that would dispel that mythology. It would kill that romance. It would destroy that narrative. And then it would destroy that identity. So it just never happens. That rationalization, again, it can be so... It's so powerful. This is why I'm just very suspect of anyone who's like, it's us against the world or this is my right or die. All that kind of language is usually some sort of rationalization for really shitty behavior. Most of the times what I see anyway is that. I get it. Yes, you want somebody who is going to stick by you through tough times. I get that. That makes sense. But not like shitty behavior after shitty behavior. That's a whole different story we're talking about. i think one thing that's that's important to note here too is that social aspect so i remember in my personal case you know i had been i was in college i was long distance with this girlfriend all my friends knew i was in a long distance relationship you know every all of her friends knew like everybody we were traveling all we were driving hours and hours to see each other all the time we were giving up weekends we were visiting each other in each other's schools we were like it was there was so such a logistical mess around our relationship and we had invested so much into it um that it just felt there was i i like the idea of admitting that that was a waste like felt very shameful like you didn't want to you didn't i like i the idea of like facing my friends and being like oh you know that girl that i've been driving eight hours to see for the last two years Yeah, she was terrible. It actually didn't work out. It just feels so bad. So you don't even want to face that thought. So you just convince yourself that it's okay. And it's interesting, I think one point with Johnny and Amber that maybe didn't come up is they were being written about in such glowing ways in the tabloids at the time. They were being kind of held up as like, the most beautiful couple in Hollywood and the brilliant stars and all this stuff. All these tabloids were doing these gushing features about their wedding and their honeymoon. I imagine if you live in that world, it's the pressure to keep up appearances. It must be really, really intense. This episode is brought to you by Masterclass. You know what nobody tells you about bad relationships? The problem usually isn't that you picked the wrong person. It's that nobody ever taught you how to be in a relationship in the first place. You've never seen healthy conflict. You've never heard someone model what it sounds like to set a boundary without blowing everything up. And that's actually what got me into Esther Perel's class on Masterclass. She talks about how the person you're attracted to isn't random. It's connected to patterns that you've been running since childhood. And the thing that stuck with me is this idea that the quality of your relationships is determined by the quality of the conversations you're willing to have. Hearing that from someone who spent decades sitting across from couples, it lands differently than simply reading it in a book. And that's what makes Masterclass different. You're not learning from some random instructor. You're learning from the people who actually define their fields. Over 200 classes across everything from business to cooking to wellness, and it fits into your real life. I'll throw on audio mode during a walk or a long drive because it doesn't feel like learning. Plans start at $10 a month, billed annually, with a 30-day money-back guarantee. 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I can think of two relationships of people I know off the top of my head that I think the only reason they're still together is sunk cost fallacy. Yeah. All right. so we might as well explain the sunk cost fallacy for people who don't know sunk cost fallacy comes from economics so it's it's the it's the 15 movie ticket problem let's say you buy a 15 movie ticket you go into the movie you start watching it within 10 minutes you're like i hate this movie but you spent 15 so you stay the entire two hours and watch it to the end right technically that is a waste of time uh you already spent the 15 you can't get it back so the fact that you stay even longer is actually just devaluing what you've already invested. But our psychological mechanism makes us feel accountable to that decision. So it's like, we don't want to feel like we wasted money. We want to feel like I got the full two hours worth of my money. So you stay in a bad thing to justify a prior bad decision. And we do this all the time, right? So it's people, and in the case of relationships, it's people who are like, well, I've already been with them for eight years. What's another year or two to see if things get better? Why not put in a little bit more time, a little bit more effort? In gambling, they call it throwing good money after bad. You lose a bunch of money on a bad decision, and so you bet more the next time hoping to earn it back. And it's like, no, actually, that's an even worse decision. so yeah this shows up in all sorts of different places and um and it's it's it's extremely common yeah but they've shown it empirically mark i mean there's a a study uh i don't know if that's meta-analysis probably actually there's 50 000 people participated in this and it's russ built's investment model okay there's actually three parts too so catchy all right uh there's actually kind of three parts to uh like how What determines how invested you are in your relationship? One of them is relationship satisfaction, right? Okay. The more satisfied you are, the more invested you're probably going to be, right? Right. Quality of alternatives, too. So like, okay, where do I stand in the dating market? Or, you know, what are my alternatives out there? And then third is this investment size. And what they found through this huge study that they did on this was that investment size, like the time spent. the the emotional energy spent the money spent within a relationship that actually predicts whether or not you stay in a relationship above and beyond satisfaction even too oh wow so people will like they will hold on to a lot of misery they will tolerate a lot of that just abject misery because they have like sunk so much time and energy and just emotional uh bandwidth into another person it's so ironic because the cost of leaving a relationship only gets higher right the longer you stay and that's yeah that's what they find too is that like sunk time effect it it it ratchets that effect up even more so and that's exactly what they've been like i i've literally seen this with friends of ours like we've had friends who are like miserable in their marriages and they're like well let me stick it out for another year or two and just see if it gets better right you know we're moving or He got a new job or like, you know, whatever it is, whatever rationalization it is. Yeah. Let's just see if it gets better. And then they not realizing that a year or two down the line, it's going to be even harder. Right. Because now they're even more invested and now their identity is even more merged into the other person. This is painful to watch. Some cost is just like, it's upsetting. When you see somebody you care about doing this, it's very, very upsetting. And I mean, it's not just about like, it's not just going forward, like, oh, I got to give all of this up and it's just going to be gone. It's like, now I look back at my past. Yeah. Everything I've done, all of that, all of that pain and heartache or whatever was for nothing. For nothing. So like, it does make sense in some weird way. I get it. The other dynamic at play here is that, you know, we talked earlier about how toxic relationships are isolating. They have one of the side of the is that they isolate you. Right. So it's like, what? It's doubly bad because what happens is you end up giving up other parts of your life to try to make your partner happy, right? So you give up hobbies, you give up friendships, you give up trips and things that you were looking forward to to try to keep your partner happy. And the fact that you gave those things up creates more of a sunk cost fallacy that's going to keep you there and keep you- It's vicious. It is vicious. Yeah. As this sunk fallacy becomes more and more real to someone, they're like, oh my God, I've spent all this time. put all this effort and all this heartache into this relationship, can't leave. It becomes kind of a, what they call that action in action framing. Okay. Kind of takes over. So in a 2018 study, they found that people have this bias towards doing something. When a relationship is bad, you want to do something about it, right? And so leaving feels like... giving up it feels like inaction right in some way so what you end up doing is you end up doubling down more yeah and investing even more in it so it is like every step of the way with this sunk cost fallacy that we're talking about it just it ratchets up it's worse it just gets worse and worse and worse taking action i mean if if staying is framed as taking action well no i'm gonna stay and i'm gonna fight this out. I'm going to do something about it. I'm not going to give up. I'm not going to leave. Yeah. That usually there's some more cognitive dissonance going on there as well, but it just ratchets up that sunk cost fallacy even more. Yeah. Yeah. You know, because we were talking earlier about how people get kind of caught in this cycle of like, you know, we're going to figure it out and I'm going to fix them and it's going to get better. And, you know, our love is going to conquer everything. You know, you kind of have this mythology that you've bought into. I think once you get to the sunk cost fallacy, there's almost this like despair and resignation that sets in. and probably resentment as well the people i i've known who have definitely been in the sunk cost fallacy territory there's like some really intense resentment of the other person and like why haven't you changed why haven't you gotten your shit given all of this why haven't you done yeah any of this yeah and waiting for some return or something right yeah in the case of johnny and amber they definitely reached this spot pretty quickly after their wedding um he started just traveling all the time for work. They were checked out quite a bit. They were openly angry at each other almost all the time. There was a very famous incident during this period with the bed shitter, which is probably the most- Who pooped the bed? Who pooped the bed? This is probably the most amusing thing that came out of this entire episode. The internet went crazy for that when I remember that. Oh my God. So the story behind it is that Johnny was out of town for some work engagement. Amber was at the apartment in LA. She hosted a party with a bunch of friends. By this point, her friends hated him. She kind of hated him. Nobody liked him. And so when he came home from his trip, mysteriously on his side of the bed, It was just a load of shit. To this day, nobody knows who pooped in the bed. She claims it was the dog. I found this absolutely hysterical is that they actually introduced as evidence in the trial like photos of the poop and they had like witnesses. render opinions on whether this was actually dog shit or human shit. Oh my God. Expert turd analysis. Turd analysis. And sure enough, by consensus, everyone pretty much agreed, because their dog was like a tiny Pomeranian or something. And pretty much everybody agreed by consensus that the shit was much too large to be a dog. but nobody has stepped forward and taken responsibility. That one might not ever get solved. The mystery of the bed shitter. Oh my God. Okay. So we talked about how there's like kind of this hope and faith that leads you to a point of delusion. I think at some point that starts to get shattered, turns into despair and resentment. Now let's talk about guilt. What's interesting is that People in the worst relationships tend to have the most guilt about those relationships, right? So you're in this awful situation. Maybe you hate your partner. Maybe you love hate your partner. Maybe it's up and down with your partner. Things are not working. They haven't worked for a long time. You feel stuck. You don't know where to go. And interestingly, in that moment, a lot of people start blaming themselves. They start saying, I should have known better. I shouldn't have stood for this. I should have left years ago. I shouldn't have enabled that behavior. They start finding all of these reasons that they fucked up and it's almost like they are justifying their own misery, right? Like it comes back to how we tend to rationalize how we feel. You know, we invent the narratives to justify the feeling, not the other way around. They feel awful about where they are, and so they find narratives that justify what they've done to deserve this. And this just takes you to a very dark place. I mean, now you're justifying everything, right? You know, it's like, I have to do this, right? Because I chose this. I didn't leave soon enough. Now I'm here and there's no way back. Yeah, it's my fault. Yeah, it's my fault. You also see a lot of the guilt come up with the prospect of leaving. So it's like, if I leave, he's going to destroy himself. I'm the only thing keeping him sane and tethered to reality. If I leave, I'm going to hurt my family. I'm going to hurt the kids. I'm going to mess up everybody's life. Right. So it's like there's a there's a feeling of guilt of like, why do I even want to leave in the first place? I'm going to cause such a problem for everybody. Not realizing that it's like you're not actually the problem. You're not the cause of the problem. You're the effect of like the leaving is the effect of the problem, not the cause. Yeah. And there's some there's some good research that by the time you get to this stage, though, to one little silver lining, I think, is that if if there is external support and it's very concrete and like. Look, I see you're feeling guilty, you're afraid, this and that. But if there's external support and like a plan coming from the outside with somebody who's supportive, that's actually usually a pretty good entry point for like to at least plant the seed for somebody to leave a bad relationship like that. So, yeah. Yeah. I mean, it sucks. Yeah. You're blaming yourself. You know, there's all sorts of these. The cost-benefit analysis that goes into this is distorted big time by the other person. So this is where external help can come in and actually do some good. Yeah. There's an interesting parallel, too, with the addiction angle. One of the common traits of addicts is that they experience an intense amount of guilt and shame and embarrassment for their own behavior and their own decisions. And ironically, that guilt and shame and embarrassment ends up motivating further indulgence in whatever they feel, whatever their vice is. I think the same thing, you could say kind of a parallel thing plays out here in that you feel so much guilt, shame, and embarrassment for what you've tolerated, what you've been through, what you've done, that you feel like you owe it to the relationship to fix it, to make it better, to like... You can't abandon it. You can't like ruin something and then just leave it there. You have to at least clean up the mess you made. It's interesting because a lot of Johnny Depp's text messages centered around guilt, like just this constant apologizing for his behavior, for his addiction, for his blowups. It's actually really fucked up. His substance abuse got so intense that he... Like a lot of the stuff that he was put on trial for, he didn't remember because he was so fucked up. So he had to answer that. I don't remember. I blacked out. That's sad. So it's like your ex-wife is literally saying he beat me. Yeah. And then a judge asks you, did you beat her? And he's like, I actually don't know. Jesus. Okay. Yeah. On her side, I think it was a little bit of a savior guilt. right which happens a lot with codependents and and who are with addicts which is like i'm the only thing keeping him alive i'm the only thing keeping him sane i'm the only thing keeping his life together if i leave he's probably gonna die without me so i have to stay and it becomes it kind of imprisons you um it becomes like a cage and then the final psychological mechanism we'll talk about is the terror of the void okay The fear of the unknown. You got to explain this one to me, Mark. I do not get this one at all. I mean, I get it. Like from an intellectual level, I get it. Yeah. Okay. But I've never been afraid of this. You're like, yeah, I'll be single. It's fine. Well, you're an avoidant. I'll be annoyed. I'll be alone. Yeah. But even then, even I don't get like there's pressure from the outside. Like people are like, oh, but my family's pressure me or whatever. I'm like, yeah, my family's pressure me. I don't care. I don't, but like, what is it? I guess, what is the- For the record, I've never experienced this either. Okay, okay. First of all, let me describe it. So the terror of the void is like, you know, once your identity is so enmeshed with the relationship, like it's completely merged, you're cut off from so much of the outside world. You've lost friends, family, hobbies, interests. Like your partner's just everything. There's a real fear of like, how am I gonna function without them? Like, who am I without them? Where am I gonna go? What am I gonna do? It is like a very real fear. And Tim Ferriss has this great quote where he says, most people would rather be right than happy. Right? Right. Yeah. And so I think the truth here is that people would rather deal with a hell that is known than an unknown anything, especially once their self-worth and self-esteem has just been brutalized for years and they have like... absolutely zero confidence in themselves to function in the outside world alone the prospect of like taking a chance on that they're like you know what i can tolerate this a little bit longer to answer your question i also have never felt this but i will say i think i can sympathize a little bit but only because i've now been with my wife for 14 years yeah like one of the interesting things that's happened i would say just in the last three or four years with her I've actually gotten to a point where I don't remember what I was like without her. I can't remember who I was. That sounds very abstract and philosophical, but that is an honest feeling that I have. When I try to imagine who am I without her in my life, nothing comes up. Because the last time I was without her, I was... 27 which is like i was just a completely different person so i can see so the the thing i struggle to sympathize with is like the desire to leave i have zero desire to leave my marriage but i imagine if my marriage was bad like that that would be very intimidating it'd be very intimidating like i don't know what i like i don't know what i would do i don't know like would i keep my friends would my friends keep me like what would i okay live in LA? Would I move somewhere else? Would I, yeah. What would I, I honestly, I have no idea. Okay. You know? Okay. Yeah. See, I guess my, my, because I've never experienced that, like I've never been in a relationship with someone for 12 years or whatever it is. Um, I like, I get the whole, our lives are meshed. We've moved in together. We've like, have this whole life that like, there's a big, big cost to leaving. I get that. Yeah. I've just never got like, oh, I guess I can't face the void alone. I guess because I've always just faced the void. I don't know. I've always been, like, just growing up, I was kind of just, you know, raised to be independent. That was the family I grew up in. Like, everybody was just, you were expected to be independent. So I understood that. Like I said, sometimes family members make remarks like, you know, you're 40s and single. I'm like, I don't care what you think. I just don't care what you think. I don't give a shit. I really don't. This is probably partly why you don't end up in relationships like this, is because you're not this way. I think it's one of these kind of sick things where the people who have no ability to emotionally function as individuals are the ones who end up in relationships like this, which then makes it even scarier for them to try to function like individuals, right? Okay, yeah. and i get it too like we were talking about if you don't have like a strong sense of your own identity anyway and you get into these relationships and like with amber and johnny it provided them you know both publicly and privately a an identity that's very intertwined yeah okay i get that too but i don't get that like the external pressure i don't know i don't get that maybe that's not what we're talking about here but i don't know yeah i don't i don't know if it's external pressure it's just as like because i think the part that we can't we really shouldn't gloss over here is that when you're in a toxic relationship like this you know we mentioned it in passing earlier but like when you're in a toxic relationship like this it actively wrecks your self-esteem okay yeah because essentially what what you're doing is you're putting yourself in a emotionally harmful sometimes physically harmful environment intentionally and then justifying to yourself that you deserve it that this is okay that this is normal okay and so like if you just imagine like what that does to your self-esteem your self-confidence yeah yeah yeah and then run that out for like eight years 10 years 12 years whatever like you as an individual you're going to hit a point where you're just like you're like a mouse you're terrified of your own shadow you feel like you don't deserve anything you don't know how to do anything especially if you're coming from a relationship where your partner is extremely controlling and dictates everything about your life. And it's, yeah, it can be terrifying. Okay. That makes a little more sense because I have been in relationships for a short amount of time where that felt like the case and it was just very disorienting and I didn't know what was going on. I was like, I got to get out of here. And so I did. And I can see if that goes on for years and years though, yeah, that would be, you have a complete, just like disassembly of your own identity. You don't know who you are. at the point. And so facing anything outside of that is probably terrifying. It's like the old learned helplessness experiments with the dogs. That's actually probably an interesting thing to go into. So Marty Seligman, really extremely famous psychologist, kind of made his name in the 60s by doing these experiments where it's kind of fucked up now. But back then they didn't treat animals as nicely. He took dogs and he found that if you punish them predictably, you could train their behavior. But if you punish them unpredictably, eventually they would just give up trying. They would just lay down and they would just take it. It was a pretty salient question around that time in the 50s and 60s was about the Holocaust. Why didn't the Jews rise up? Why didn't they resist? Why didn't they rebel? Similar questions kind of around slavery. um and the seligman experiments around learned helplessness were really really impactful and kind of providing a psychological explanation of like why people just give up and accept abuse after a certain point and and again it comes back to that variability of of reward and variability of punishment if the variability of reward it's like it generates addiction and like people compulsively keep keep pursuing something and the variability of the punishment uh just kills all internal motivation and a desire to do anything, any agency or anything. So to wrap up, well, let's wrap up the Johnny and Amber story, and then we'll talk about takeaways, kind of final thoughts, practical things that people can use to assess in their own lives why they stay in bad relationships and what maybe they should do if they are in a bad relationship. 2016 uh allegedly uh johnny depp threw a phone hit amber heard in the face she immediately went to city hall filed for divorce she was photographed with bruises on her face he denies that he did anything witnesses say that he didn't do anything those witnesses were employed by him so they're not exactly the most reliable witnesses in the world interestingly her mother died just a couple days before the incident I think one thing that happens often with people is when a parent dies or a loved one dies, they kind of have this little bit of a carpe diem moment of like, holy shit, life is fragile. It goes by fast. Stop fucking around. Change things. So I imagine that was an influence on it. This happened in 2016. They had a divorce settlement. They had a public statement. went on life as normal until the next year the me too moment happened and she decided to write an op-ed in the washington post describing her herself as a domestic abuse victim um not naming him by name but clearly insinuating that he had been violent and abusive throughout their marriage and that she was a survivor and that that she was you know it was kind of her me too statement he immediately lost some very large movie roles. It tainted him across the entire industry. There was a Harry Potter spinoff that he was supposed to star in. There was like a boycott to get him uncast from that. It completely fucked up the trajectory of his career. I imagine it fucked up his personal life quite a bit. And so he filed a defamation lawsuit. She immediately counterfiled lawsuit against him they went to court that's where all these audios and recordings and stuff came out turned out that they had both been recording the marriage through through most of the relationship um eventually the court the court ruling was like amazing and that it it both rewarded damages to him and to her so basically the court the court was like you're both right you're okay you're both awful so Here, each of you take your money. She appealed one of the results. They ended up settling out of court. So a lot of money changed hand. The very tragic ending to this is that it basically obliterated both of their careers. Neither career has recovered. Also, during this time and in the immediate aftermath and through all the lawsuits and everything, he ran through pretty much all of his money. She definitely ran through all of her money. so they're both broke they're both out of work um and it's it's just like nobody won in this situation it's it's like it's it's terribly sad um he according to one source that i saw he spent over that that 10 15 year period he spent 650 million dollars oh my god he had that much money oh my god okay yeah Wow. The aftermath of relationships like this is, I think it's different than a lot of, again, comparing it to an addiction, right? Like if you have an alcohol problem and then you go and get cleaned up, it's kind of like, sure, there's probably things you did and people you hurt that you need to go and deal with and reconcile with one-on-one. But in terms of public reputation, the public kind of gives you a pass. The relationships in your life, you kind of get a pass. The collateral damage of this whole thing has been so severe that it's just hard to imagine them being palatable in public life ever again. The other interesting thing about this is that she very much became an emblem, a cultural emblem of the Me Too moment. And when he sued her, it... And the fact that she countersued him, it even made her more, like she was celebrated as a hero, right? Interestingly, he then kind of became a hero. Once the trial actually started taking place, he became a hero for men who felt like Me Too overstepped. And he was kind of emblematic of the justice for men who had been either wrongfully accused or... uh there had been an overreaction against them yeah and so it became very much became this cultural moment about three or four years ago and everybody was talking about it and it was like you couldn't go anywhere without seeing something about it and it's all it's it's kind of crazy it's like it's one of those like wow i can't believe that thing happened yeah nobody won like you said yeah nobody won public didn't win either no and everybody you know you might have an opinion about this but nobody won no two two lives were destroyed and and and nobody won yeah Which it's funny if you ever, you always know a good lawyer when you talk to them about a case and they tell you that they're like, what's the best case scenario here? Yeah. Right. And then they kind of lay it out and they're like, okay, great. You, you won some money. You, you burnt tons of bridges. You spent three years of your life being upset and angry and fucking hating somebody. Um, are you sure this is winning? Yeah. You know? Yeah. So let's, let's, let's go through like what, what are some of the takeaways here? I think it's worth revisiting each of these seven and just kind of maybe speaking for a few minutes on how can we counteract these tendencies or how can we kind of best prepare ourselves. I think in the case of normalization, I think honestly just listening to podcasts like this and reading books and informing yourself about relationship dynamics and educating yourself on what a good relationship looks like is probably the best thing you can do. Especially if you grew up in a family that was not super functional or your parents were not the most emotionally mature. Simply educating yourself on these concepts, understanding how these dynamics work, understanding your own tendencies and proclivities is a huge part of the battle. You mentioned it at the top, but that book, Getting the Love You Want by Harville Hendricks, cannot recommend it enough. around this whole normalization thing, why you do what you do, the way you behave in relationships, what you need from someone else, and it's called getting the love you want for a reason. I think that will take care of a lot of these issues here. By the way, why is this shit not taught in schools? Yeah, well, I don't know. Would you have paid attention to that either? I would have. Or you think so? Dude, I mean... Once you're old enough, yeah. Okay. For sure. Yeah. For sure. Or maybe college. Yeah. I feel like if I read, there's a handful of relationship books, that being one of them. If I read when I was 18, I do think it would have helped. Yeah. Yeah. Maybe it wouldn't have prevented all the dumpster fires that I- There would have been some awareness though. But yeah, a little bit more awareness, probably maybe some damage mitigation. Yeah. just understanding like what the fuck was because i mean i remember it wasn't until i got in therapy that i started having like a a decent understanding of how my my childhood and my parents affected me it's one of those water you swim in type of things you don't realize how weird your family is until you can compare it to something else objectively yeah and i think that either therapy or a book like that yeah it goes a long way yeah to help you with that yeah Mechanism number two, the identity trap. I think the biggest takeaway here is you have to maintain your own independent identity within a relationship. It's healthy for both people. It's harder when you're young, too, I think. It is. The younger you are, the harder that is. Because you don't know who you are. Yeah, yeah. I also, yeah, that's actually a really good point. I think young people tend to often have very toxic relationships. And I think all my worst relationships I have are when I was. And I think part of that is a lack of experience and lack of... emotional regulation but part of that too is like you just don't know who the you are right right yeah i remember being that age and it was like pretty much whatever any girl i dated was into i that's what i was into yeah same yeah so yeah maintain your own identity keep your interests keep your own friends outside of the relationship and um try to strike a balance on that venn diagram the slot machine effects this is this is a hard one i i'll say this If there's enough conflict in the relationship to create this effect, that in and of itself is the problem. Yeah, yeah. And I think the point you made about gamblers getting boring if they won too much, God, that's so true with healthy relationships. It looks so boring. If normal for you is toxic, healthy feels very boring. Right, right. Very boring. I resisted that for a long time. There were a number of women I dated when I was younger who were very healthy and mature and secure, and they just struck me as boring. I was like, this sucks. I'm out of here. There's no fireworks here. Now for me, I don't know, one of the more exciting, well, I don't know, it's not exciting, it's still boring, but one of the more satisfying things for me is just having a conversation. That's one of the... same thing when i was younger so domestic yeah well but it is it's weird i know like you hear that and if you are somebody who's like addicted to all that drama you're like that you are so boring i'm never going to be like that blah blah blah no it's yeah you don't know it until you're in it again a young person thing like yeah i think we talked in the happiness episode how young people tend to associate happiness with excitement you know with novelty whereas when you get slowly as you get older you you begin to associate happiness with calm and peace um i think that's definitely true like yeah it's my idea of being happy when i was 21 was like getting hammered and all night right you know like that was like peak relationship experience now i like to be in bed by nine and like yeah reading a good book together uh number four cognitive dissonance um This one is tough. I feel like- It's tough because you're literally tricking yourself so you don't know when it's happening. Yes. And this is not just in relationships, but any beliefs you have, political beliefs, whatever they are. That's why it's so hard is because you're literally tricking yourself. So by definition, you're not aware of it. Yeah. I think the remedy to this is finding people in your life that will call you out if you're in a bad situation. Trusting them to say something and also trusting them when they say it. Right. Yeah. The paradox here is that somebody who is toxic and is going to end up in a bad relationship like this is probably also not going to have very healthy friendships. And like people that they trust and can count on and will listen to if they say something. So yeah, this is a bit of a catch-22, I think. But that is probably the solve. Maybe family members. But again, if you grew up in a family that this sort of behavior was typical and normal, then what are you going to do? Some cost fallacy. This you can train yourself. This you can absolutely train yourself. This is something that once you're aware of and you start spotting, because this happens everywhere in life. Right. Everywhere in life. There's even things like, I remember six months ago, my wife and I, we bought tickets for a concert and we got halfway there. We were fighting LA traffic, right? So it's going to be like an hour and a half to get there. We got halfway there. My wife realized she forgot the tickets. And so we're like, oh, my God, we got to go back to the fucking house. So we turn around, drive back to the house, get back and then go back, get back on the 10, get back in the in the traffic. And we're like, dude, we're going to get there. Like the show is going to be half over by the time we get there. We're literally going to spend more time in traffic than we are at the show. And I remember having this conversation with her. And it's and it's funny because early in our relationship, like she she was very much especially around money. She was always. know she grew up poor so she was like we bought the tickets we're going to the show right yeah whether you whether we like it or not and uh but slowly over time you know it's gotten a lot better being like okay we can either go home now and just enjoy our evening or we can spend two and a half hours in traffic to enjoy 40 minutes of a concert and we're like let's go home okay and enjoy the night yeah So you can practice this in multiple areas of your life, and you can train yourself to spot this and nip it in the bud. Yeah. I used to be absolutely terrible about this, that sunk cost thing, too. You know, like I talked about, grew up humble means, too, and all that. You know what actually helped me, though, is years ago, you, I think, I don't know if it was a blog post or a social media post at one point. But you were like, you know, if you're reading a book and you don't like it, you don't have to finish it. And like you said, we do this in all areas of our lives. You go to a restaurant and you pay for a crappy meal and you're like, well, I'm going to eat it even though it's a crappy meal. Or, you know, your kid doesn't eat it and so you eat it. I'm bad with that. I'm bad with that kind of stuff too. But that was a little in for me that you had. Which is kind of like, for me, it was a big investment, right? Not money-wise, but it's a lot of time you're investing in a book or whatever. If it's a crappy book, just stop reading it. Who cares if you gave up on it? It's fine. And that showed me just in other areas of my life where like, oh, this applies in so many different areas. And so if you can just find something like that and then you're like, oh, okay, that wasn't so bad. We discovered it with trips too. So like we would book say like a 10-day trip somewhere and then we get to like day seven and want to go home. And then we'd force ourselves to stay the last three days and do all this stuff we didn't want to do. And eventually, finally, three or four years ago, we were just like... Change the flight. We should just change the flight and go home. It's so stupid. All right. Number six, the guilt cage. This one's hard because, again, I think it's downstream of that cognitive dissonance, that rationalization. But it's... The thing that comes to mind when I think about this is that scene in Good Will Hunting where Robin Williams is hugging Matt Damon and he's like, it's not your fault. It's not your fault until Matt Damon starts crying. I feel like that's just kind of what people in this spot need to hear is that it's not your fault. It's like you're human. You acted in a completely human way. You love this person. You want to be able to look back and say that you gave everything and tried to make everything work. And you're not doing them any favors by enabling bad behavior. That too. That too. You're not saving them. That's really hard. You're not fixing them. You're not just going to tell somebody that and they're going to stop. I get that, but helping somebody see that. It's not your responsibility. You're not doing any favors. Right. And in many ways, you can actually be, if you're enabling them, you can actually be holding them back from the transformation that they need to have. So yeah, it's hard to come to that conclusion yourself. Again, I think... I think the support network is key here. I think probably a good therapist or a marriage counselor is super key here. I feel like there's going to have to be somebody outside of you calling that out and being like, it's not you. It's not your fault. And then the void, the fear of the unknown. The only thing that comes to mind here is just having faith that you will figure something out. There's so many stories of so many people who have left awful marriages, relationships. gone out on their own. I mean, so many stories of particularly abused women who leave in the middle of the night with a toothbrush in their pocket and no money, and they make it work. They figure it out. Obviously, it's not easy, but it happens. And as we talk about this, I feel like there's maybe a little bit too much resilience within the relationship and not enough resilience outside of the relationship. And maybe part of this too is like, You can kind of rehearse for this by starting to build that identity outside of the relationship. Find things you're interested in outside of your partner. Find things that you can do. People make connections, reconnect with old friends, reach out to a family member. Build some sort of scaffolding outside of the relationship before you make the leap so you're not leaping purely into the unknown. Plan the escape. Anything else, Drew? Any ahas or takeaways for you here? you know for me it was i think all of these these seven things we went through i think at some point i've realized before that oh yeah that's a contributing factor seeing them all together and how like kind of interlocking they are though now it makes a lot more sense to me anywhere i think i'm a little more sympathetic to people who do end up in these situations um because this is like each one of these kind of builds on the other right and they kind of interlock to form this really really like tight psychological trap that people feel when they're inside these relationships so for me it was just like i have a little more compassion for that and a little more understanding around that and you know i you could usually point to one of these like oh they feel guilty they don't want to leave this person because they think they would you know wouldn't make it on their own or whatever yeah you kind of understand that you're like yeah but that's not a very good reason but when you stack all seven of these together yeah man that's a that's like a psychological steel trap you've put yourself in it really is and it's just hard I have a new appreciation for how hard it is to get out of one of these. I think the insight I got from this episode is just how, like you said, how interlocking those things are, how reinforcing they are. That's it, yeah. Like you said, I've had friends that are clearly stuck in the sunk cost fallacy with the relationship. I've had friends that are wracked by guilt. I've had friends that have grown up in super fucked up situations, don't even realize how messed up their relationship is. But realizing that all these things kind of reinforce one another. The more you tolerate, the more volatility you deal with, the more cognitive dissonance you introduce into the relationship. The more addicted you get to it, the more, yeah. The more you normalize it, the more you justify it, the more guilty you feel. So it's like everything kind of compounds on top of itself. It is intimidating. It is toxic relationships are... are scary. We talked on, I forget which episode, back in February, maybe the dating, maybe the love relationship, but researchers really do find that it is better to be single than in a bad relationship, but it's better to be in a good relationship than no relationship. Relationships are amplifiers. Love doesn't necessarily make you happy. It amplifies whatever is already there. love somebody who is bad for you and is toxic and abusive and hurts you and makes you feel guilty, your love for that person is only going to amplify all those feelings and dynamics. Whereas if you are with a person who is healthy and secure and happy and is supportive and cares about you, then the love just amplifies all of those aspects as well. All right. That is it for this episode. As always, please leave a review and follow the show on whatever platform you're on. Thank you for tuning in and we will see you again.

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Why do smart, emotionally aware people stay in relationships that are clearly destroying them? Drew and I dig into the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard marriage, to walk through the seven psychological mechanisms that quietly lock people inside bad relationships and make leaving feel impossible.

If you have ever watched someone you love stay in a relationship that is destroying them, or if you have been that person yourself, this episode will shine a lot of light on what is really going on under the hood.

#toxicrelationships #relationships

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Chapters:
0:00:00 CHAPTER 1: Why Smart People Stay in Bad Relationships
0:04:00 CHAPTER 2: The Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Backstory
0:14:30 CHAPTER 3: Mechanism 1 — Normalization
0:27:00 CHAPTER 4: Mechanism 2 — The Identity Trap
0:41:30 CHAPTER 5: Mechanism 3 — The Slot Machine Effect
0:51:30 CHAPTER 6: Mechanism 4 — Cognitive Dissonance
1:01:30 CHAPTER 7: Mechanism 5 — The Sunk Cost Fallacy
1:10:30 CHAPTER 8: Mechanism 6 — The Guilt Cage
1:16:00 CHAPTER 9: Mechanism 7 — The Terror of the Void
1:24:00 CHAPTER 10: The Aftermath of Johnny and Amber
1:30:00 CHAPTER 11: How to Counteract Each Mechanism

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